Catalhoyuk Urban Life in Neolithic Anatolia

Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k is a double tell, two large man-made mounds located on the southern end of the Anatolian Plateau about 37 miles (60 kilometers) southeast of Konya, Turkey and within the village limits of the town of Kà ¼Ãƒ §Ãƒ ¼kkà ¶y. Its name means fork mound in Turkish, and it is spelled in a variety of ways, including Catalhoyuk, Catal Huyuk, Catal Hoyuk: all of them are pronounced roughly Chattle-HowYUK. Fast Facts: Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k is a large Neolithic village in Turkey; its name means Fork MoundThe site is a huge tell—91 acres in area and nearly 70 feet tall.  It was occupied between 7400–5200 BCE, and at its height, between 3,000 and 8,000 people lived there.  Ã‚   The Quintessential Neolithic Village Excavations at the mounds represent one of the most extensive and detailed work at any Neolithic village in the world, largely because of the two main excavators, James Mellaart (1925–2012) and Ian Hodder (born 1948). Both men were detail-conscious and exacting archaeologists, far ahead of their respective times in the history of the science. Mellaart conducted four seasons between 1961–1965 and only excavated about 4 percent of the site, concentrated on the southwest side of the East Mound: his exacting excavation strategy and copious notes are remarkable for the period. Hodder began work at the site in 1993 and still continues to this day: his Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k Research Project is a multinational and multidisciplinary project with many innovative components. Chronology of the Site Çatalhà ¶yà ¼ks two tells—the East and West Mounds—include an area of about 91 acres (37 hectares), located on either side of a relict channel of the Çarsamba River, about 3,280 feet (1,000 meters) above mean sea level. The region is semi-arid today, as it was in the past, and largely treeless except near the rivers. The East Mound is the largest and oldest of the two, its rough oval outline covering an area of about 32 ac (13 ha). The top of the mound towers some 70 ft (21 mt) above the Neolithic ground surface on which it was founded, a huge stack made up of centuries of building and rebuilding structures in the same location. It has received the most archaeological attention, and radiocarbon dates associated with its occupation date between 7400–6200 BCE. It was home to between an estimated 3,000–8,000 inhabitants. The West Mound is much smaller, its more or less circular occupation measures approximately 3.2 ac (1.3 ha) and rises above the surrounding landscape some 35 ft (7.5 m). It is across the abandoned river channel from the East Mound and was occupied between 6200 and 5200 BCE—the Early Chalcolithic period. For decades, scholars surmised that the people living on the East Mound abandoned it to build the new city which became the West Mound, but the significant overlap of occupation has been identified since 2018. Artists conception of the city of Catalhoyuk, with its one-room houses which were accessed from the roof, about 7th-6th millennium BCE. De Agostini Picture Library / Getty Images Plus Houses and Site Organization The two mounds are made up of densely clustered groups of mudbrick buildings arranged around open unroofed open courtyard areas, perhaps shared or midden areas. Most of the structures were clustered into room blocks, with walls built so closely together they melted into one another. At the end of their use-life, the rooms were generally demolished, and a new room built in its place, almost always with the same internal layout as its predecessor. Individual buildings at Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k were rectangular or occasionally wedge-shaped; they were so tightly packed, there were no windows or ground-level floors. Entry into the rooms was made through the roof. The buildings had between one and three separate rooms, one main room and up to two smaller rooms. The smaller rooms were probably for grain or food storage and their owners accessed them through oval or rectangular holes cut into the walls measuring no more than about 2.5 ft (.75 m) in height. Excavated Rooms at Catalhoyuk, Turkey. Mycan / iStock / Getty Images Plus Living Space The main living spaces at Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k were rarely larger than 275 sq ft (25 sq m and they were occasionally broken into smaller regions of 10–16 sq ft (1–1.5 sq m). They included ovens, hearths, and pits, raised floors, platforms, and benches. The benches and platforms were generally on the eastern and northern walls of the rooms, and they generally contained complex burials. The burial benches included primary burials, individuals of both sexes and all ages, in a tightly flexed and bound inhumation. Few grave goods were included, and what there were personal adornments, individual beads, and beaded necklaces, bracelets, and pendants. Prestige goods are even rarer but include axes, adzes, and daggers; wooden or stone bowls; projectile points; and needles. Some microscopic plant residue evidence suggests that flowers and fruit may have been included in some of the burials, and some were buried with textile shrouds or baskets. Rectified fisheye overhead shot of Building 56 in South Area of excavation. Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k History Houses Mellaart classed the buildings into two groups: residential structures and shrines, using internal decoration as an indicator of a given rooms religious importance. Hodder had another idea: he defines the special buildings as History Houses. History Houses are those were reused again and again rather than rebuilt, some for centuries, and also included decorations. Decorations are found in both History Houses and shorter-lived buildings that dont fit Hodders category. The decorations are generally confined to the bench/burial part of main rooms. They include murals, paintwork and plaster images on walls and plastered posts. The murals are solid red panels or bands of color or abstract motifs such as handprints or geometric patterns. Some have figural art, images of humans, aurochs, stags, and vultures. The animals are shown much larger in scale than humans, and most of the humans are depicted without heads. One famous wall painting is that of a birdseye map of the East Mound, with a volcanic eruption illustrated above it. Recent investigations on Hasan Dagi, a twin-peaks volcano located ~80 mi northeast of Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k, show that it erupted about 6960 ±640 cal BCE. Art Work Both portable and non-portable art was found at Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k. The non-portable sculpture is associated with the benches/burials. Those consist of protruding molded plaster features, some of which are plain and circular (Mellaart called them breasts) and others are stylized animal heads with inset auroch, or goat/sheep horns. These are molded or set onto the wall or mounted onto the benches or at the edges of platforms; they typically were re-plastered several times, perhaps when deaths occurred. Portable art from the site includes about 1,000 figurines so far, half of which are in the shape of people, and half are four-legged animals of some sort. These were recovered from a range of different contexts, both internal and external to buildings, in middens or even part of the walls. Although Mellaart generally described these as classic mother goddess figurines, the figurines also include such as stamp seals—objects intended to impress patterns into clay or other material, as well as anthropomorphic pots and animal figurines. Excavator James Mellaart believed he had identified evidence for copper smelting at Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k, 1,500 years earlier than the next known evidence. Metal minerals and pigments were found throughout Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k, including powdered azurite, malachite, red ochre, and cinnabar, often associated with the internal burials. Radivojevic and colleagues have shown that what Mellaart interpreted as copper slag was more likely accidental. Copper metal minerals in a burial context were baked when a post-depositional fire occurred in the dwelling. Plants, Animals, and Environment The earliest phase of occupation in the East Mound happened when the local environment was in the process of changing from humid to dryland conditions. There is evidence that the climate changed considerably during the length of the occupation, including drought periods. The move to the West Mound occurred when there appeared a localized wetter area southeast of the new site. Scholars now believe that agriculture at the site was relatively local, with small-scale herding and farming that varied throughout the Neolithic. Plants used by the occupants included four different categories. Fruit and nuts: acorn, hackberry, pistachio, almond/plum, almondPulses: grass pea, chickpea, bitter vetch, pea, lentilCereals: barley (naked 6 row, two row, hulled two row); einkorn (wild and domestic both), emmer, free-threshing wheat, and a new wheat, Triticum timopheeviOther: flax, mustard seed The farming strategy was remarkably innovative. Rather than maintaining a fixed set of crops to rely on, the diverse agro-ecology enabled generations of cultivators to maintain flexible cropping strategies. They shifted the emphasis on the category of food as well as on elements within the categories as circumstances warranted. Reports on the discoveries at Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k can be accessed directly at the Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k Research Project homepage. Selected Sources Ayala, Gianna, et al. Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Alluvial Landscape of Neolithic Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k, Central Southern Turkey: The Implications for Early Agriculture and Responses to Environmental Change. Journal of Archaeological Science 87.Supplement C (2017): 30–43. Print.Hodder, Ian. Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k: The Leopard Changes Its Spots. A Summary of Recent Work. Anatolian Studies 64 (2014): 1–22. Print.Larsen, Clark Spencer, et al. Bioarchaeology of Neolithic Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k Reveals Fundamental Transitions in Health, Mobility, and Lifestyle in Early Farmers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116.26 (2019): 12615–23. Print.Marciniak, Arkadiusz, et al. Fragmenting Times: Interpreting a Bayesian Chronology for the Late Neolithic Occupation of Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k East, Turkey. Antiquity 89.343 (2015): 154–76. Print.Orton, David, et al. A Tale of Two Tells: Dating the Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k West Mound. Antiquity 92.363 (2018 ): 620–39. Print.Radivojevic, Miljana, et al. Repealing the Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k Extractive Metallurgy: The Green, the Fire and the ‘Slag’. Journal of Archaeological Science 86.Supplement C (2017): 101–22. Print.Taylor, James Stuart. Making Time for Space at Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k: GIS as a Tool for Exploring Intra-Site Spatiotemporality within Complex Stratigraphic Sequences. University of York, 2016. Print.

SMART Boards to Build Math Skills Essay - 1133 Words

Math is one of the fundamental subjects taught in elementary school and is a necessity for overall academic survival. Young learners’ future understanding of mathematics requires an early foundation based on a high quality, challenging, and accessible mathematics education (NCTM, 2013). An engaging and encouraging learning environment helps children develop confidence in their ability to understand and use mathematics. However, math proves to be a difficult subject for many students. In a world filled with technology, it has become increasingly important to incorporate technology based-teaching in the classroom. As new technologies enter the classroom the question is raised as to how these technologies can be used to build math skills.†¦show more content†¦The adaptability of the SMART Board also allows for teachers to easily differentiate lessons. Students have fun and often don’t even realize they are learning while they combine their cognitive and physical abilities to interact with the SMART Board technology (Riska, 2010). In the context of math, the wide range of technology offered by the SMART Board enhances teaching while the teacher still manages the learning environment (Kent, 2006). Through the use of SMART Boards to create lessons for which the students can interact, teachers promote higher order thinking and create or negotiate understanding of subject matter (Kent, 2006). SMART Boards provide teachers with a learning tool that opens the door to teacher-led discussions that â€Å"probe student understanding on mathematical concepts without being limited by the student’s arithmetic abilities† (Kent, p. 3, 2006). Using the SMART Board teachers are able to facilitate learning through generating and exploring multiple representations of mathematical ideas (Juersivich, Garofalo Fraser). Students note that with the use of the SMART Board math is more interesting and concepts that were difficult to understand became clearer with the help of 3-D imagery and virtual math manipulatives (Savoie, 2008). Discussion The key to the success of SMART Boards and their integration inShow MoreRelatedCurrently I’M Doing Field Work At School A, Observing A1447 Words   |  6 Pagesso they hopefully understand better. A lot of the lessons are taught on a televised-like smart board where everything in this case is computerized and digital. The smart board is visible to everyone in this classroom. The teachers can manipulate the notes by using digital markers to draw on the smart board. Even students are allowed to take part in this technology when they write the answers on the smart board. 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According to Baldrige, one organizational goal should be â€Å"†¦achieving such a degree of loyalty that the student or stakeholder will advocate for your organization and your prog ramsRead MoreEvaluation Of A Student Learning Objectives1268 Words   |  6 PagesStudent Learning Objectives (SLO), intended for six weeks of instruction. Each unit contains the content of the grade that can be taught to proficiency by the end of the unit. The assessment allows for measuring student proficiency of those targeted skills as the year of instruction progresses. Assessment procedures are not only used to evaluate student success but can also be used to evaluate the curriculum itself. Essentially, by assessing our students, we are also evaluating the curriculum.

Light And Darkness In Oedipus Rex - 1467 Words

Wisdom and folly, truth and falsehood, peace and suffering are all different forms of light and darkness. To the ancient Greeks, whether one is in darkness or light is determined by their ability to see spiritually, which they believed the physically blind were capable of. This contrast between spiritual sight and mere physical sight is a major theme in Oedipus Rex, the Greek tragedy written by the legendary Sophocles, a Greek playwright so skilled that he won the Festival of Dionysus approximately twenty times with his masterfully crafted tragedies (Buller). Oedipus Rex is a tragic journey of self-discovery as King Oedipus uncovers his origins and how he unwittingly fulfilled the oracle that he will marry his mother Jocasta and kill his†¦show more content†¦Until I came – I, ignorant Oedipus, came – (36-37) Oedipus’ speech about his accomplishments reveals his arrogant nature and reveals that Oedipus revels in the glory of his achievements; blinding himself to his faults. In addition, Oedipus’ sudden flash of rage at Teiresias upon the seer’s refusal to prophecy, despite the seer’s warnings of the pain and anguish the prophecy would bring demonstrates the very rash, quick-tempered nature that led Oedipus to kill his own father Laius (48). Oedipus certainly is very knowledgeable, but he lacks wisdom as he refuses to see his faults and heed the warnings of others. Moreover, even Oedipus calling himself â€Å"ignorant† can be seen as mere false humility, as his rash, arrogant nature is revealed yet again when Oedipus accuses Creon of being the â€Å"proved plotter† against his life and a â€Å"thief† trying to steal Oedipus’ crown (40). Despite Creon handling such an outrageous accusation with care and producing sound arguments as to why he would not be interested in the throne, Oedipus clings to his argument that Creon is plotting to usurp the throne obstinately. He even has a petty argument with Creon about who is right, and Oedipus insisted thatShow MoreRelatedThroughout most famous Greek literature, a great hero usually saves the day. In the story of900 Words   |  4 Pagesusually saves the day. In the story of Oedipus though, the good man with one minor flaw goes through great pain. This pain in the play Oedipus Rex is the focal point for the whole play. Almost every aspect of the play builds up and foreshadows Oedipus’ fall from power, and entry into pain. Sophocles in his tragedy Oedipus Rex creates a mood of dramatic irony using the dualities of sight and blindness, and light and darkness. This dramatic irony highlights Oedipus’ hamartia and in doing so SophoclesRead MoreFree Oedipus Essays : Forms Of Light And Darkness1600 Words   |  7 Pages FORMS OF LIGHT AND DARKNESS IN OEDIPUS REX As a key theme in Greek literature, it has been mentioned that truly the only ones who can see are blind. 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This contrast between spiritual sight and mere physical sight is a major theme in Oedipus Rex, a Greek tragedy writt en by the legendary Sophocles, a Greek playwright so skilled that he won at the Festival ofRead MoreOedipus Rex Literary Synthesis1483 Words   |  6 Pages2012 The Tragic Destiny of Oedipus Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex is one of the most well- known tragic plays in existence. Oedipus, the King of Thebes, is the victim of a curse in which he must suffer the tragedy of his own unchangeable fate. The tragic heroism of Oedipus befalls him because of his heroic qualities and his loyalty to his Thebans and to himself. His unchangeable destiny affects so many others throughout the play. These others’ subsequent suffering that Oedipus brings upon them helps contributeRead MoreEssay Applying Platos Allegory of the Cave1649 Words   |  7 PagesApplying Platos Allegory of the Cave to Oedipus Rex, Hamlet,and Thomas Becket Plato was one of the greatest philosophers of all time. He is recognized all over the world as one of the greatest minds of all time. Knowledge is required under compulsion has not hold on the mind.(Durant 24). Platos dialogues are the fruit of a rare mind; but the could not have kept their perennial freshness if they had not somehow succeeded in expressing he problems and the convictions that are common to Platos

The Issue Of Legalizing Gambling - 1827 Words

INTRODUCTION Casinos are all throughout the country, but are they a positive influence for our society? Our economy? There are people on all sides of this issue; some people have difficulty determining the reasons behind legalizing gambling in the first place. In a panel data analysis done by Doug Walker and John Jackson, gambling is legalized to offer other opportunities for states to increase revenue (Walker and Jackson 1). This explains why legalizing gambling is important to state governments, saying states need different revenue options and that gambling would help with an increase in revenue for the states. Other people on this issue wonder if casinos can be consistently relied upon for state revenue. According to Forbes, the casino industry in Las Vegas has been decreasing because of the recession from 2007-2009. Outside of the United States, the industry has increased over the past few years (Forbes). This indicates that the casino business isn’t as big as it was before the recession. This has big implications on state revenues and budgeting. Global Gaming Business Magazine is along those lines, saying two casinos in Atlantic City are empty; not enough supply of casinos for the demand (Global Gaming Business Magazine). The recession has made significant impacts on the industry and the industry can’t keep up. And states need to be aware of these issues so they don’t make the same mistakes as Atlantic City. While they increased economic development, Atlantic City didShow MoreRelatedlegalizing gambling983 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Legalizing Casino Gambling in Texas Persuasive Speech Outline Legalizing Casino Gambling in Texas Specific Purpose Statement: To persuade my class about why legalizing casino gambling in Texas is for the better. Thesis Statement: Legalizing casino gambling in the state of Texas would enhance society and will be beneficial for the entire state. 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Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesThe legalization of gambling and casino development in communities has become a heated debate topic in recent years. As with any debate, there are two sides presenting valid arguments. The purpose of this paper is to present information from the perspectives of those both in favor of and opposed to the legalization of gambling and casino development in their communities. The paper concludes with the application of et hical theories to help determine the morality of casino development. Positions RegardingRead MoreShould Sports Gambling Be Banned?1744 Words   |  7 PagesVegas and the gambling that had already been developed there. Now we see sports betting on another rise in the country but it is mainly based online and easily accessible, which leaves people questioning why this activity is still considered illegal in 17 percent of the states. 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A portion of earnings from the state-run lottery goes towards the HOPERead MoreThe Lottery And The State Of Georgia1272 Words   |  6 PagesAs the MC announces the letters and numbers, the participants are concentrating heavily over their many cards making sure not to miss the chance for a win. Then you hear â€Å"BINGO!† Bingo is only one of three legal forms of gambling allowed in the state of Georgia. The other two are, the Georgia state lottery and raffles, which are all state controlled. Out of the three, the lottery has been the most beneficial to the state. A portion of earnings from the state-run lottery go towards the HOPE scholarshipRead MoreImpact Of Gambling On The United States1647 Words   |  7 PagesApril 2017 Gambling’s rise to Legality in the United States Gambling has been a popular activity in the United States from the 1600’s to the present day United States. As gambling grows as a worldwide enterprise, it expands the United States with the opportunities it provides and the attention it consumes. Gambling as a whole benefits different recreational activities and events such as sports. Gambling also allows people visiting places like Las Vegas to enjoy playing poker withRead MoreAndrew Isaac. Honors English 10. Period 2. 6 April 2017.1627 Words   |  7 PagesApril 2017 Gambling’s rise to Legality in the United States Gambling has been a popular activity in the United States from the 1600’s to the present day United States. As gambling grows as a worldwide enterprise, it expands the United States with the opportunities it provides and the attention it consumes. Gambling as a whole benefits different recreational activities and events such as sports. Gambling also allows people visiting places like Las Vegas to enjoy playing poker with

Ageism in the Workplace †Essay Free Essays

FYS 1101-41 Intro to Social Justice and Diversity Ageism in the Workplace When it comes to age, the first thoughts that come to mind are the young, old, and in between. Through differentiating among the three, society has formed ageism. Ageism is a type of discrimination based on the stereotypes associated with age groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Ageism in the Workplace – Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Relating to judgments of lifestyles, personalities, and abilities based on age, ageism functions to strip individuals of their rights. It has been, and continues to be, a rising issue in the corporate world. Ageism can impact any individual, especially in the workplace, where individuals can be at a disadvantage for a variety of reasons. Considering the fact that this type of discrimination affects people of all ages, ageism is most easily discussed when divided into three groups: * Young age (16-24 years) * Middle age (25-49 years) * Older age (50- over State Pension Age) The ideas and beliefs of young adults are often discriminated against because societal norms have put forth the notion that their ideas are less important because they have less experience. Governments also manifest ageism by putting age requirements on job eligibility. For example, in Massachusetts, all teens under the age of 18 must complete a work permit application and obtain a work permit before starting a new job. The state has also put a limit on the number of hours permitted to work each week. With this restriction, society segregates old people from young people. Also, the idea that eighteen is the quintessential age to begin working is simply a fabricated standard based on the general behavior and maturity of 18 years olds. Even though it is not clearly visible, ageism is still present and is continuing to affect the working class. On the other hand, many jobs want to set a specific image, aiming to hire young and attractive employees to better appeal to customers. For example, the retail store, Abercrombie and Fitch specifically looks to hire young, attractive employees who will represent the style found in the stores. Meanwhile younger age groups are sometimes paid less even though they are performing similar jobs to older age groups. Some employers take advantage of the fact that younger ge groups are inexperienced by paying them minimum wage and sometimes even less. As young adults are new to the workplace, they accept this type of treatment because of their need for money. In society today, younger aged people are becoming more and more independent and no longer want to rely on their parents for support. Sometimes the case is that parents do not want to support them. Because of this, they need all the money they can to survive. When applying for certain jobs, young adults can have all the necessary requirements that fit the job aside from the required age. Young adults may be as responsible and may value the desire for further advancement in their job as much as middle and older aged groups, yet they are automatically denied positions based on the simple number that is age. Young adults are just as, if not more, capable than their elders in that they are more energetic and physically strong, enabling them to work more hours and complete the task just as any of the other age groups. The bulk of the workforce falls under the middle-aged category. One’s professional peak is said to occur through their 30s and 40s. This being said, we can conclude that the middle age group is least affected by age discrimination. The stereotype is that they are more qualified for the job because they are more experienced, focused and ambitious towards their desired career while still being physically capable of benefiting the job. Within the age limits of this group, it can be said that gender also leads to ageism when women are perceived as becoming older workers at an earlier age than men. Society has created a norm that perceives the older age group as the weak and incompetent. In Older Employees: New Roles for Valued Resources, â€Å"age stereotypes depict older people as frail and fragile, as having lost the vitality and energy necessary to make a full fledge commitment to their careers† (Rosen, B. , Jerdee, T. , 1985). In the work field, managers assume that older employees are less motivated to improve their job skills compared to younger employees; therefore managers are less likely to hire them. On the contrary, many employers look to hire older people because they feel that older people are more experienced in the work place, which means that no additional training is necessary. Furthermore, employers rarely increase older people’s pay because they are less likely to switch careers. The younger groups have more opportunity to further their careers and hence, need motivation to stay loyal to their employer. Although there have been vast improvements in medicine and increases in life span, the elderly are considered to be frail and more apt to get injured or fall victim to illness. This idea affects the working culture because this view towards older people has not changed, â€Å"This way of thinking-and acting- has been expressed in discriminatory practices such as (a) limiting or excluding older workers from substantive job responsibilities and activities, (b) removing older employees from the workforce through negative performance evaluations or through encouraging their retirement; (c) implementing insensitive, poorly conceived policies; (d) limiting older workers’ access to job-related education, career development opportunities, or employee benefits; and (e) refusing to hire or promote older workers† (Hedge J. Borman W. Lammlein S, 2006). Generally, the idea is that â€Å"older people [are treated] less favorably than others, perhaps because of an idea that such people have outlived the useful part of their lives and that society should somehow allocate its resources to those that have something left to contribute. Older people may be segr egated and regarded as a burden or a drain on the resources of the community†, generating ageism to come into effect (Malcolm, 2007). Older workers face ageist attitudes and age discrimination. Ageism plays a harmful role in the workplace. Discrimination of age is illegal under both the Federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act, and the California Fair Employment and Housing Act. However, these laws are geared towards the elderly and offer no protection for young workers. The law of â€Å"The Age of Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967† protects individuals who are forty years of age or older from employment discrimination based on age. Not only is ageism evident in the workforce, but also it is also present in the government. There is no law whatsoever protecting young age groups. Some might say that these instances of unfairness occurring in the workplace seem acceptable. However, discriminating against someone based on how old and young they are is never justifiable. It is not ones age that determines their capability and qualifications but their competence. â€Å"Competence, not age, should determine whether a person should keep a job. To do otherwise, is to squander one of our nations most precious resources and to hasten the day of the end of those who are denied the experience that would keep them vitally and for a long time alive. †(Rosen, B. , Jerdee, T. H. (1985). pg. 49) Age should not be a factor in the work force for many reasons. The young, the middle-aged, and the elderly all need their place in the job market. It is unfair to discriminate against those who are fully capable of completing the task efficiently entirely based on age. If employers continue to follow these trends, we will run into many problems. As the baby boom generation gets older, there will be an increase in the older working group. There is no way to prevent this and because baby boomers make up a large percentage of the population, it could create economic issues if we don’t find ways to accommodate the needs of the elderly. Otherwise, we will have fewer workers and less wisdom to guide future generations. â€Å"The use of older workers can help organizations meet their growing and changing company objectives in a global economy while providing meaningful work rolls for middle-aged and older Americans. † (Hedge J. , Borman W. Lammlein S, 2006). On the other side of the spectrum, young people are very valuable to the corporate world. We need the fresh ideas of young adults who are excited about starting new careers and motivated to advance their knowledge. It is also important that we encourage the independence of young people by trusting them to be responsible instead of doubting their abilities. Hedge, J. W. , Borman, W. C. , Lammlein, S. E. (2006). The Aging workforce: realities, myths, and implications for organizations. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Rosen, B. , Jerdee, T. H. (1985). Older employees: new roles for valued resources. USA: Dow Jones-Erwin. Sargeant, M. (2007). Age discrimination in employment. Retrieved from http://site. ebrary. com/lib/emmanuel/docDetail. action? docID=10209153 How to cite Ageism in the Workplace – Essay, Essay examples

Slavery In The East Essay Example For Students

Slavery In The East Essay The debate over the economic advantages of slavery in the South has raged ever since the first slaves began working in the cotton fields of the Southern States. Initially, the wealth of the New World was in the form of raw materials and agricultural goods such as cotton, sugar, and tobacco. Slavery, without a doubt, had its profitable aspects prior to the Civil War. However, this postulation began to change as abolitionists claimed the land of the Southern Plantations was overworked and the potential income of slaves was lower than that of white people who had a vested interest in the productivity and success of the South. The concept of slavery had been brought over to America by the ideals of British Mercantilism which called for strict regulation of the state and its people for the good of the national economy. In the early 1700s, Frenchman Colbert stated that, no commerce in the world produces as many advantages as that of the slave trade(Williams, 144). The inhumane practice of slavery began in the American colonies in 1619. Although Africans first came to the New World around 1501, the early colonists did not think to use them as slave labor. Instead, they imported poor, white indentured servants from Europe to clear forests and cultivate fields. It was the English colonists that incited the idea of using Black slaves. They could be caught easily because of their color and they could be bought and kept until they died. Negroes, from a pagan land and without exposure to the ethical ideals of Christianity, could be handled with more rigid methods of discipline and could be morally and spiritually d egraded for the sake of stability on the plantation, wrote historians John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss Jr. in From Slavery to Freedom (22). Where America failed in Mercantilism was in not providing enough slaves to generate a sufficient profit margin and by becoming a divided nation over the issue of slavery. Southern slaves were viewed in economic terms of labor to capital. While the ownership of slaves was a source of pride in plantation owners, this interdependence of slave on master and master to slave created a vicious cycle of rashness that caused slave owners to often become irrational. In the south, slaveholdings varied according to size, location, and crops produced. Slavery in cities differed substantially from that in the countryside. Masters exhibited varying temperaments and used diverse methods to run their farms and plantations. Slaves served as skilled craftsmen, preachers, nurses, drivers, and mill workers, as well as field hands and house servants. Despite these variations, southern slavery displayed some distinctive features. Unlike slavery in the rest of the New World, which depended on the continued importation of Africans, that in the southern United States was self-sustaining: during the half century after the end of legal importation in 1808, the slave population more than tripled. One consequence of this natural population growth was an equal ratio of males to females that in contrast to the male preponderance in slave societies heavily dependent on imports from Africa facilitated the formation of strong families. Another was the emergence of a slave population that, despite its distinctive cultural norms, was increasingly American in birth and character. Slaves adopted the religion of their masters, for example, but adapted it to their own particular needs. In short, Africans became African-Americans. The shift in control of prosperity is illustrated in the words of the Mississippi proposal of succession from the Union. Southern politicians and plantation owners knew their prosperity was in the hands of slaves and that the economics of the South depended on the production of the slaves. The Mississippis secession convention stated:Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery Ablow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization There was no choice left us but submission to the mandates of abolition, or a dissolution of the Union (Journal of State Convention, 86). .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b , .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b .postImageUrl , .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b , .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b:hover , .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b:visited , .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b:active { border:0!important; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b:active , .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Great Awakening EssayOne of the earliest proponents of the theory that the South was suffering economically from slavery was Cassius Marcellus Clay. The main assertion of Clay was that slavery was an inefficient form of economic organization. According to Fogel and Engerman, Clay asserted, It was inefficient because slavery impoverishes the soil, because, in comparison with whites, slaves were not so skilful, so energetic, and above all, have not the stimulus of self-interest (160). Clay continued to assert that slaves consume more and produce less than free men. Two proponents of Clays theory were Hinton Rowan Helper and Frederick Law Olmstead who appeared to produce evidence in the 1850 census that supported the claims of Clay. To prove his point, Hinton Helper compared the growth of three pairs of states between 1790 and 1850. In a comparison of the states of New York and Virginia throughout the years, the growth of New York had doubled in population, exported 30 times that of what Virginia had, and held 8 times her manufacturing output (162). The contrasts between states that were aggregate and free verses with slaves was not as startling but still showed a disproportionate amount of economic growth, with the South lagging behind. Unfortunately, Helpers statistics were flawed in several areas. Helper assumed that the South had better resources than the North, when in actuality, the reverse was true. The North excelled greatly in natural resources and minerals while the South struggled to economically stay in line with the North in as far as land values and marketability of goods. Also, the North generally had better soil than the South, which had repeated trouble with erosion and climatic factors destroying topsoil and crops. Fredrick Olmsted took the microeconomic answer to the problem of slavery. Olmsted asserted that the majority of those who sell the cotton crop were poorer than the majority of our day-labourers at the North (171). His chief complaint with slavery was that the quantity produced by slaves, be it cotton or tobacco or any marketable good, was drastically inferior. Olmsted asserted that it took two times as many slaves as Northern labourers to accomplish a task (172). Low-quality labor, poor use of resources, and indifferent management all combined, said Olmsted, to make southern agriculture far less efficient than northern agriculture (172). Olmsted asserted that psychologically, slaves preformed poorly under conditions of fear of punishment and free men, without this fear, would certainly be more productive in defending their reputation and standing with pride with their employer. The low productivity of slaves could be explained by the conditions in which they were forced to live and work in. Inadequate care, incentives and training left the slaves without proper preparation for their role on the plantation (Genovese, 46). A cyclical effect of malnutrition and disease was apparent on many plantations. Since malnutrition .. ReferencesCairnes, John Elliot. Slave Power. New York: Harper ; Row, 1969. Franklin, John. From Slavery to Freedom. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. Genovese, Eugene D. The Political Economy of Slavery. New York: Pantheon Books, 1965. Gray, Lewis Cecil. History of agriculture in the southern United States to 1860 . Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1958. Hopkins, James F. A History of the Hemp Industry in Kentucky. Louisville: University of Kentucky Press, 1998. Journal of the State Convention. A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union. Jackson, MS: E. Barksdale, State Printer, 1861. Owsley, Frank. King Cotton Diplomacy: Foreign relations of the Confederate States of America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959. Religion

Ronan by Taylor Swift free essay sample

We live in an era where music and art are two very different things. It is a world where music mostly revolves around how attractive a woman is, or promote drinking. This is the age of inappropriate songs. All the singers do is sing about partying and getting drunk, or just swear, swear, swear. But not all songs fall into that category. Such a song is Ronan. It was released in September 2012 as a charity single by Taylor Swift, who was inspired by Maya Thompson, a woman who wrote a blog for her son who had cancer and died in 2011. Swift read the blog, and was inspired by it, and the lyrics are taken completely from Thompsons blog, which is why Swift credited her as the co-writer of the song. The title of the song is the name of the 4-year old boy, Ronan. It was written in memory of him, and it seems as if Taylor Swift was the voice of Maya Thompson. We will write a custom essay sample on Ronan by Taylor Swift or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The lyrics are heartbreaking and will definitely bring tears to your eyes. The words literally paint the picture for you and you can see Ronan running around in front of you, playing with his toys. Swift has been acclaimed by critics, who call it her best work and the song as heartbreaking. Even though you do not know the boy, nor his family you still feel the pain his mother feels and what the boy went through. It is not just a song. It is a masterpiece. And it encapsulates beauty and emotion better than any song youve ever heard.